Sensory Analysis of Virgin Olive Oil

Virgin olive oil (VOO) is the supernatant of the fresh juice obtained from olives by crushing, pressure and centrifugation, without additional refining. Its flavour is characteristic and is markedly different from those of other edible fats and oils. The combined effect of odour (directly via the nose or indirectly through a retronasal path, via the mouth), taste and chemical responses (as pungency) gives rise to the sensation generally perceived as “flavour”. Sensory analysis is an essential technique to characterize food and investigate consumer preferences. International cooperative studies, supported by the International Olive Oil Council (IOOC) have provided a sensory codified methodology for VOOs, known as the “COI Panel test”. Such an approach is based on the judgments of a panel of assessors, conducted by a panel leader, who has sufficient knowledge and skills to prepare sessions of sensory analysis, motivate judgement, process data, interpret results and draft the report. The panel generally consists of a group of 8 to 12 persons, selected and trained to identify and measure the intensity of the different positive and negative sensations perceived. Sensory assessment is carried out according to codified rules, in a specific tasting room, using controlled conditions to minimize external influences, using a proper tasting glass and adopting both a specific vocabulary and a profile sheet that includes positive and negative sensory attributes (Dec-23/98-V/2010). Collection of the results and statistical elaboration must be standardized (EEC Reg. 2568/91, EC Reg. 640/08). The colour of VOO, which is not significantly related to its quality, may produce expectations and interferences in the flavour perception phase. In order to eliminate any prejudices that may affect the smelling and tasting phases, panelists use a dark-coloured (blue or amber-coloured) tasting glass. Many chemical parameters and sensory analyses (EEC Reg. 2568/91 and EC Reg. 640/08), with the latter carried out by both olfactory and gustatory assessments, can classify oils in different quality categories (extra virgin, virgin, lampant). Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) extracted from fresh and healthy olive fruits (Olea europaea L.), properly processed and adequately stored, is characterized by an unique and measurable combination of aroma and taste. Moreover, the category of EVOO should not show any defects (e.g. fusty, musty, winey, metallic, rancid) that can originate from incorrect production or storage procedures. Positive or negative sensory descriptors of VOO have been related to volatile and phenol profiles, which are responsible for aroma and taste, respectively. The characteristic taste of VOO, and in particular some positive attributes such as bitterness and pungency that are related to important health benefits, is not completely understood or appreciated by consumers. In this respect, it is interesting to consider the degree of acceptability of VOO in several countries based on literature data. In this way, it is possible to lay the foundations for correct instruction of the sensory characteristics of EVOO. The main chemical, biochemical and technological processes responsible for the positive and negative (defects) descriptors of VOO are summarized in this chapter. An overview on the sensory methodologies proposed, applied and modified during the last 20 years is also presented

A Portable Battery-Operated Sensor System for Simple and Rapid Assessment of Virgin Olive Oil Quality Grade

Virgin olive oil quality is assessed by chemical as well as sensory analysis. Two of the most important parameters that define the quality of virgin olive oils are the free acidity and the peroxide index. These chemical parameters are usually determined by manual titration procedures that must be carried out in a laboratory by trained personnel. In this paper, a portable sensor system to support the quality grade assessment of virgin olive oil is presented. The system is battery operated and characterized by small dimensions, light weight and quick measurement response (about 30 s). The working principle is based on the measurement of the electrical conductance of an emulsion between a chemical reagent and the olive oil sample. Two different chemical reagents have been investigated: (1) a hydro-alcoholic solution (HAS), made of 60% ethanol and 40% distilled water; (2) 100% distilled water (DW). Tests have been carried out on a set of 40 olive oil samples. The results have shown how, for most of the fresh virgin olive oil samples (31 samples out of 40), the free acidity can be estimated with good accuracy from the electrical conductance of the emulsion using HAS as the reagent. In the case of the full set of samples, the emulsion electrical conductance, using HAS as the reagent, is a function of both the sample free acidity as well as the compounds produced by oil oxidation, and a compensation method based on the measured electrical conductance, using DW as the reagent, has been introduced to improve the accuracy in the estimated free acidity. Tests have also been carried out on the full set of samples, using a k-nearest neighbors algorithm, to demonstrate the feasibility of olive oil classification according to the quality grade. The results have shown how measurements carried out using only the HAS reagent provide better classification accuracy than measurements carried out using both the HAS and DW reagents. The proposed system can be a low-cost alternative to standard laboratory analyses to evaluate the quality grade of virgin olive oil

Sensory Wheel and Lexicon for the Description of Cold-Pressed Hemp Seed Oil

: Cold-pressed hemp seed oil (CP-HSO) has become available on the market and is gaining popularity mainly for its appeal and nutritional profile. The sensory quality largely depends on seed quality and processing as well as oil storage conditions. Given the "native" nature of the product, obtained by cold-pressing, the development of a standardized methodology to evaluate and describe the sensory quality of HSOs is of the utmost importance. To this aim, 16 commercial HSOs were evaluated, covering the main differences in brands and sales channels. A trained panel developed a vocabulary to describe the HSO profile consisting of 44 attributes, and a practical sensory wheel was proposed to classify attributes in different clusters and according to sensory modality. A sensory profile sheet was developed including two color descriptors (yellow, green), seven main positive (sunflower/pumpkin seeds, nutty, toasted nutty, hay, sweet, bitter, and pungent), several secondary positive (herbs, coffee, tobacco, etc.), four main defects (rancid, paint, burnt, and fish), and other secondary negative descriptors (boiled vegetables, cucumber, etc.). Subsequently, specific training of the panelists was carried out, and a satisfactory performance level was reached. This study represents the first attempt to standardize the sensory quality and terminology of HSO

Evaluation of Olive Oil Quality Grade using a Portable Battery-Operated Sensor System

Olive oil quality is normally assessed by chemical analysis as well as sensory analysis to detect the presence of organoleptic defects. Two of the most important parameters that define the quality of olive oil are the free acidity and the peroxide index. These chemical parameters are usually determinated by manual titration procedures that must be carried out in a laboratory by trained personnel. In this paper, a portable sensor system to evaluate the quality grade of olive oil is presented. The system is battery operated and is characterized by small dimensions, light weight and quick measurement response. The working principle is based on the measurement of the electrical conductance of an emulsion between an hydro-alcoholic solution and the olive oil sample. Tests have been carried out on a set of 17 olive oil samples. The results have shown how for fresh olive oil samples, the olive oil free acidity can be estimated from the electrical conductance of the emulsion. In the case of oxidized olive oil, the measured electrical conductance is also function of the oxidation level and a conductance threshold can be set to discriminate extra virgin olive oils from lower quality grade oils. The proposed system can be a low-cost alternative to standard laboratory analysis to evaluate the quality grade of olive oil

Summary report on sensory-related socio-economic and sensory science literature about organic food products

Organic food’s initial attraction to the public was that it was perceived to be healthier and tastier, but scientists and policy makers have mainly stressed the benefits to the environment of organic and sustainable farming. Scientific support for marketing actions addressed to those who want to be healthier and who want to enjoy better taste, and are willing to pay more for these benefits is scarce. Past research has produced little clear evidence about the importance of sensory characteristics such as taste, smell, appearance etc in consumers’ preferences with regard to organic food. The Ecropolis project, funded by the E.U., was set up with the aim of investigating the role of the senses in consumers’ preferences regarding organic food, and leading to research into how best to satisfy those preferences. This deliverable is aimed at providing a solid basis for such research with an in-depth review of, and two reports on, the relevant scientific literature. The first report (Annex I) regards what consumers expect from organic products in terms of taste, smell, appearance, etc and how these expectations are (or are not) met; the second is about the science of the senses (Annex II). The first project tasks included creating and agreeing on a glossary of terms, deciding on search criteria (key words, etc.), setting up a bibliographical data base, preparing then circulating the above-mentioned reports, and finally preparing a summary of the reports. The report on consumers expectations highlights the suggestion that while organic food has traditionally been marketed through specialized retailers, its market share will only grow significantly if it is promoted by multiple retailers. Research literature from all over the world seems to agree in indicating that consumers’ choices are largely motivated by health, the environment, price and social status. Other considerations include ethics, the localness of the product and lifestyle choices. The literature also indicates that the organic market will expand significantly only if consumers are more willing, and able, to recognize quality, but this presents serious issues. When buying the product they cannot personally verify its quality and genuineness and thus must rely on regulation and inspection bodies. The recognition of quality can also be encouraged by effective communication by producers and retailers through appropriate branding, labelling and presentation. There are connections between this information and questions of sense perception, but researchers disagree about how important the latter is in influencing the customer, and in which ways it does so. The following report focuses, in fact, on the science of the senses, which tries to analyze in detail people’s responses to food, despite the many potential pitfalls in carrying out the research which might influence the reliability of the results. There is broad agreement on two points: - there is no proof that organic food is more nutritious or safer, and - most studies that have compared the taste and organoleptic quality of organic andconventional foods report no consistent or significant differences between organic and conventional produce. Therefore, claiming that all organic food tastes different from all conventional food would not be correct. However, among the well-designed studies with respect to fruits and vegetables that have found differences, the vast majority favour organic produce. Organic produce tends to store better and has longer shelf life, probably because of lower levels of nitrates and higher average levels of antioxidants. The former can accelerate food spoilage, while antioxidants help preserve the integrity of cells and some are natural antibiotics. The first conclusion may, however, depend on factors not directly connected to organic farming, such as harvesting and storage methods and the type of land used for growing the food. About the second finding it must be considered that measuring organoleptic quality is difficult and inherently subjective and evaluations may be clouded by the influence of numerous factors on the consumer’s perceptions of the food and not just its appearance and taste. Experimental research indicates that the information that a food is organic confers upon it a “halo effect” (making it seem better sense-wise simply because it is organic) which might make consumers like it more. Ecropolis researchers will analyze in detail which senses are indeed impacted on, and how, and try to match them to consumer needs and expectations in order to be able to offer suggestions for future policy, including how the food is stored, transported and presented, which is also essential for maintaining sensory properties. The workpackage WP1 has also produced a specific report on how organic food sensory aspects are regulated. International standards, with some important exceptions, are largely in line with European ones. Differences in standards usually regard whether there is orientation towards freshness “per se” as opposed to increasing shelf-life, or quality standardization as opposed to quality differentiation. Differences in regulations regard such aspects as ingredients, additives, processing aids and methods, packaging, storage and transport. The lack of harmony among the different regulatory systems often reflects different traditions and market conditions, however, more complicated compliance procedures result in higher costs for importers. Greater homogeneity would not only reduce such costs but would also increase consumer confidence in international standards. Ecropolis will also investigate the effect of different regulations on how people perceive organic goods sense-wise. The work done to date is seen as a starting point for future research aimed at producing practical results in the organic food market. Ecropolis will try to bring together separate strands of research concerning how organic goods are regulated and marketed with regard to taste, appearance, etc., and how consumers themselves are affected by such factors. The aim is to find optimal matches between the two, and thus to greatly increase organic food’s share of the food market

Effectiveness of the mechanical excitation applied to the olive paste: possible improving of the oil yield, in malaxation phase, by vibration systems

The mechanical vibrations characterized by a frequency lower than 200 Hz could promote the cells breakage and improve the oil extraction process by avoiding, at the same time, the negative effects on the commercial qualitative parameters due to the use of the heating during malaxation. Vibration tests were conducted by means of an electrodynamic shaker in order to find the optimal frequency levels of excitation, able to put in a resonant condition the olive paste. Sinusoidal accelerations at constant acceleration (120 m/s2), in a range between 5 and 200 Hz were explored. The 50 Hz and 80 Hz frequencies were able to put in resonant condition the olive paste. In the vibrated samples at 50 Hz (15 min of treatment), the maximum increment of the extraction efficiency (about 53% in comparison with the control), was observed. Further studies could be conducted in order to assess the synergic effect of the mechanical vibrations and the malaxation on the oil extraction efficiency, with the aim of reducing the time of the whole phase and avoiding changes in the oil quality traits